MRSA

MRSA pictures and disease information have been excerpted from VisualDx clinical decision support system as a public health service. Additional information, including symptoms, diagnostic pearls, differential diagnosis, best tests, and management pearls, is available in VisualDx.

Full Clinical Write-up

Synopsis

Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) including cellulitis, abscesses, impetigo, folliculitis, and furunculosis can all be caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, or MRSA.

MRSA was first identified in 1961, shortly after the introduction of methicillin. Since that time, MRSA has widely been recognized as an important agent of disease in hospitals, nursing homes, and other long-term care facilities. Beginning in the 1990s, however, outbreaks of MRSA were recognized among healthy children, athletes, prisoners, military recruits, and intravenous drug users in the community at large. Most of those with MRSA infections lacked “traditional” MRSA risk factors, such as exposure to the health care system.

MRSA is no longer primarily limited to hospital-acquired infection. Over the past 2 decades, the incidence of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has been increasing. In many parts of the United States, over 50% of community-associated S. aureus isolates are MRSA. Hence, infections where S. aureus is suspected should be considered MRSA unless susceptibility studies demonstrate otherwise.

The most common manifestation of CA-MRSA infections are skin and subcutaneous infections. Many infections are attributed by patients to spider bites, although an exposure to a spider is typically not recalled by patients. MRSA skin infections occur in patients of all ages and among people with no traditional risk factors, or even recently described risk factors. Clearly, any person, regardless of background or exposures, can acquire a CA-MRSA infection.

Virtually all CA-MRSA isolates retain susceptibility to vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Most isolates are susceptible to clindamycin and tetracyclines, although susceptibility can vary by geography. While CA-MRSA has a propensity for causing skin and soft tissue infections, it can also cause more severe and invasive disease syndromes including necrotizing pneumonia, empyema, necrotizing fasciitis, pyomyositis, septic thrombophlebitis with pulmonary embolization, osteomyelitis, and severe sepsis syndrome, among other manifestations. “Spider bite”-like skin infections and the more severe syndromes may be due in large part to a specific exotoxin present in many strains of CA-MRSA, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). PVL, a virulence factor that is lethal to neutrophils, has also been implicated in cases of invasive CA-MRSA infections such as necrotizing pneumonia.

Cellulitis
Abscess
Furuncles (boils)
Bullous impetigo
Follicular pustules

Look For:

  • Follicular pustules
  • Furuncles (boils)
  • Abscesses
  • Bullous impetigo – pus- or fluid-filled bullae and vesicles
  • Non-bullous impetigo – honey-colored crusted plaques and erosions
  • Cellulitis – circumscribed erythema and/or edema, tissue warmth, and tenderness

To a great extent, MRSA skin infections present similarly to other bacterial skin infections with the exception of severity. Skin abscesses caused by MRSA can often appear larger and more severe than the typical methicillin-sensitive S. aureus abscess. (See also Abscess, Folliculitis, Impetigo, and Cellulitis in VisualDx.)

The full text and image collection is available to VisualDx subscribers.

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