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David Adelson MD
Christine Ahn MD
Carl Allen DDS, MSD
Brandon Ayres MD
Howard P. Baden MD
Robert Baran MD
Keira Barr MD
Gregory J. Basura MD, Ph.D
Donald Belsito MD
Jeffrey D. Bernhard MD
Jesse Berry MD
Victor Blanco MD
Benjamin R. Bohaty MD
William Bonnez MD
Sarah Brenner MD
Robert A. Briggaman MD
Robert Brodell MD
Roman Bronfenbrener MD
Walter Brooks MD
William Buckley MD
Philip Bulterys MD, PhD (candidate)
Susan Burgin MD
Sonya Burton MD
Sean P. Bush MD, FACEP
Jeffrey Callen MD
Scott Camazine MD
Michael Cardwell
Shelley D. Cathcart MD
Robert Chalmers MD, MRCP, FRCP
Chia-Yu Chu MD, PhD
Flavio Ciferri MD
Maria Rosa Cordisco MD
Noah Craft MD, PhD
John T. Crissey MD
Harold E. Cross MD, PhD
Charles E. Crutchfield III MD
Adriana Cruz MD
Donna Culton MD, PhD
Bart J. Currie MBBS, FRACP, DTM&H
Chicky Dadlani MD
Alexander Dane DO
C. Ralph Daniel III MD
Thomas Darling MD, PhD
William Delaney MD
Damian P. DiCostanzo MD
Ncoza Dlova MD
Erin Doudt
James Earls MD
Libby Edwards MD
Melissa K. Egge MD
Charles N. Ellis MD
Rachel Ellis MD
David Elpern MD
Nancy Esterly MD
Stephen Estes MD
E. Dale Everett MD
Janet Fairley MD
David Feingold MD
Jennifer J. Findeis-Hosey MD
Benjamin Fisher MD
Henry Foong MBBS, FRCP
David Foster MD, MPH
Brian D. Foy PhD
Michael Franzblau MD
Vincent Fulginiti MD
Sunir J. Garg MD, FACS
Kevin J. Geary MD
Lowell Goldsmith MD, MPH
Sethuraman Gomathy MD
Bernardo Gontijo MD, PhD
Kenneth Greer MD
Kenneth G. Gross MD
Alan Gruber MD
Nathan D. Gundacker MD
Akshya Gupta MD
Vidal Haddad MSC, PhD, MD
Edward Halperin MD, MA
Ronald Hansen MD
John Harvey
Rizwan Hassan MD
Michael Hawke MD
Jason E. Hawkes MD
Peter W. Heald MD
David G. Hicks MD
Sarah Hocker DO
Ryan J. Hoefen MD, PhD
Li-Yang Hsu MD
William Huang MD
Eric F. Ingerowski MD
Sanjana Iyengar MD
Alvin H. Jacobs MD
Saagar Jadeja MD
Shahbaz A. Janjua MD
Joshua J. Jarvis MD
Kit Johnson
Zachary John Jones MD
Robert Kalb MD
Katherine Kaproth-Joslin MD, PhD
Philip J. Katzman MD
A. Paul Kelly MD
Henry Kempe MD
Loren Ketai MD
Sidney Klaus MD
Ashwin Kosambia MD
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Carl Krucke
Mario E. Lacouture MD
Joseph Lam MD
Alfred T. Lane MD
Edith Lederman MD
Nahyoung Grace Lee MD
Pedro Legua MD, PhD
Robert Levin MD
Bethany Lewis MD
Sue Lewis-Jones FRCP, FRCPCH
Taisheng Li MD
Christine Liang MD
Shari Lipner MD, PhD
Adam Lipworth MD
Jason Maguire MD
Mark Malek MD, MPH
Jere Mammino DO
Ricardo Mandojana MD
Lynne Margesson MD
Thomas J. Marrie MD
Maydel Martinez MD
Ralph Massey MD
Patrick McCleskey MD
Karen McKoy MD
Thomas McMeekin MD
Josette McMichael MD
Somchai Meesiri MD
Joseph F. Merola MD
Mary Gail Mercurio MD
Anis Miladi MD
Larry E. Millikan MD
Dan Milner Jr. MD
Zaw Min MD
Stephanie Montero
Alastair Moore MD
Keith Morley MD
Dean Morrell MD
Samuel Moschella MD
Rehan Naseemuddin MD
Taimor Nawaz MD
Vic Newcomer MD
John Nguyen MD
Matilda Nicholas MD
Thomas P. Nigra MD
Steven Oberlender MD, PhD
Maria Teresa Ochoa MD
Daniel C. Oppenheimer MD
Art Papier MD
Lawrence Parish MD
Tanner Parrent MD
Mukesh Patel MD
Lauren Patty-Daskivich MD
David Peng MD, MPH
Robert Penne MD
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Doug Powell MD
Harold S. Rabinovitz MD
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Sireesha Reddy MD
Angela Restrepo MD, PhD
Bertrand Richert MD, PhD
J. Martin Rodriguez, MD, FACP
Theodore Rosen MD
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Scott Schiffman MD
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Tor Shwayder MD, FAAP, FAAD
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Christye Sisson
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Philip I. Song MD
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Sally-Ann Whelan MS, NP, CWOCN
Jan Willems MD, PhD
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Sook-Bin Woo MS, DMD, MMSc
Jamie Woodcock MD
Stephen J. Xenias MD
Nathaniel Yohannes
Lisa Zaba MD
Vijay Zawar MD
Bonnnie Zhang MD
Carolyn Ziemer MD
Jeffrey P. Zwerner MD, PhD
Organizations
Am. Journal of Trop. Med & Hygiene
Armed Forces Pest Management Board
Blackwell Publishing
Bugwood Network
Centers For Disease Control and Prevention
Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Mèdicas (CIDEIM)
Dermatology Online Journal
East Carolina University (ECU), Division of Dermatology
International Atomic Energy Agency
Massachusetts Medical Society
NYU Department of Dermatology
Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)
Oxford University Press
Radiological Society of North America
Washington Hospital Center
Wikipedia
World Health Organization
Anhydrous ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid gases all form highly corrosive acids or bases when they come in contact with skin and mucous membranes and produce severe chemical burns.
Anhydrous Ammonia: Anhydrous ammonia is a colorless, pungent gas frequently used in agriculture as well as in the manufacture of synthetic fibers. Contact with water produces ammonium hydroxide. Contact can result in multiple findings.
Upper respiratory – Sore throat, nasal irritation with sneezing, and rhinorrhea.
Lower respiratory – Chest tightness, coughing, wheezing, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, airway obstruction from sloughed tissue, and respiratory arrest.
Gastrointestinal – Nausea and vomiting.
Cutaneous – Depending on the concentration of the gas, include superficial to full thickness burns with tissue loss, thrombosis, and necrosis.
Ocular – Lacrimation, conjunctivitis, palpebral edema, blepharospasm, photophobia, ulceration, perforation, and loss of vision.
Ammonia inhalation can be fatal. The Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) air concentration of ammonia is 300 ppm.
Sulfur Dioxide: Sulfur dioxide is a compressed gas that has industrial and commercial applications. Contact with moisture produces sulfurous acid.
Upper respiratory – Sore throat, nasal irritation with sneezing, and rhinorrhea.
Lower respiratory – Chest tightness, coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, tachycardia, pulmonary edema, cyanosis, and airway obstruction from sloughed tissue.
Gastrointestinal – Nausea with vomiting.
Cutaneous – Chemical burns, especially in moist areas such as the axillae and groin.
Ocular – Lacrimation, conjunctivitis, local edema, corneal damage, ulceration, perforation, and loss of sight.
Sulfur dioxide inhalation can be lethal. The IDLH air concentration of sulfur dioxide is 100 ppm.
Hydrochloric Acid: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a severe corrosive used in the production of chlorides, ore refining in tin production, and as laboratory reagent, among others uses. It is a colorless or yellowish liquid with a pungent, irritating odor.
Respiratory – Corrosive burns, necrosis of the bronchial epithelium, constriction of the larynx and bronchi, nasoseptal perforation and glottal closure may result from inhalation of hydrochloric acid. Prolonged exposure may cause pneumonitis and pulmonary edema.
Gastrointestinal – Ingestion of liquid can result in pain, irritation, nausea, vomiting (with coffee-ground emesis), thirst, dysphagia, salivation, chills, fever, anxiety, shock, and burns, ulceration, or perforation of the GI tract. Peritonitis, strictures, and stenosis may also result.
Cutaneous – In addition to burns, cutaneous exposure may result in irritation, pain, dermatitis, and ulceration. Frostbite can result from contact with refrigerated liquid.
Ocular – Liquid splashed in the eye can cause permanent eye damage. Pain, swelling, conjunctivitis, corneal erosion, and necrosis of conjunctiva and corneal epithelium with perforation or scarring also may be seen.
Death may result from circulatory shock, asphyxia, or stomach perforation.
The IDLH air concentration for hydrochloric acid is 50 ppm.
Codes
ICD10CM: T30.0 – Burn of unspecified body region, unspecified degree