David Adelson MD
Christine Ahn MD
Carl Allen DDS, MSD
Brandon Ayres MD
Howard P. Baden MD
Yevgeniy Balagula MD
Robert Baran MD
Keira Barr MD
Gregory J. Basura MD, Ph.D
Donald Belsito MD
Jeffrey D. Bernhard MD
Jesse Berry MD
Victor Blanco MD
Benjamin R. Bohaty MD
William Bonnez MD
Sarah Brenner MD
Robert A. Briggaman MD
Robert Brodell MD
Roman Bronfenbrener MD
Walter Brooks MD
Daniel Bryan MD
William Buckley MD
Philip Bulterys MD, PhD (candidate)
Susan Burgin MD
Sonya Burton MD
Sean P. Bush MD, FACEP
Jeffrey Callen MD
Scott Camazine MD
Michael Cardwell
Shelley D. Cathcart MD
Robert Chalmers MD, MRCP, FRCP
Chia-Yu Chu MD, PhD
Flavio Ciferri MD
Maria Rosa Cordisco MD
Noah Craft MD, PhD
John T. Crissey MD
Harold E. Cross MD, PhD
Charles E. Crutchfield III MD
Adriana Cruz MD
Donna Culton MD, PhD
Bart J. Currie MBBS, FRACP, DTM&H
Chicky Dadlani MD
Alexander Dane DO
Roxana Daneshjou MD
C. Ralph Daniel III MD
Thomas Darling MD, PhD
William Delaney MD
Alex Derstenfeld
Damian P. DiCostanzo MD
Benedict F. DiGiovanni MD
Ncoza Dlova MD
Erin Doudt
James Earls MD
Libby Edwards MD
Melissa K. Egge MD
Charles N. Ellis MD
Rachel Ellis MD
David Elpern MD
Nancy Esterly MD
Stephen Estes MD
E. Dale Everett MD
Janet Fairley MD
David Feingold MD
Jennifer J. Findeis-Hosey MD
Benjamin Fisher MD
Henry Foong MBBS, FRCP
David Foster MD, MPH
Lindy P. Fox MD
Brian D. Foy PhD
Michael Franzblau MD
Vincent Fulginiti MD
Sunir J. Garg MD, FACS
Kevin J. Geary MD
Sharon Glick MD
Lowell Goldsmith MD, MPH
Sethuraman Gomathy MD
Bernardo Gontijo MD, PhD
Kenneth Greer MD
Kenneth G. Gross MD
Alan Gruber MD
Nathan D. Gundacker MD
Akshya Gupta MD
Vidal Haddad MSC, PhD, MD
Edward Halperin MD, MA
Ronald Hansen MD
John Harvey
Rizwan Hassan MD
Michael Hawke MD
Jason E. Hawkes MD
Peter W. Heald MD
David G. Hicks MD
Sarah Hocker DO
Ryan J. Hoefen MD, PhD
Li-Yang Hsu MD
Jennifer Huang MD
William W. Huang MD, MPH, FAAD
Eric F. Ingerowski MD
Sanjana Iyengar MD
Alvin H. Jacobs MD
Randy Jacobs MD, FAAD
Saagar Jadeja MD
Shahbaz A. Janjua MD
Joshua J. Jarvis MD
Beverly A. Johnson MD
Kit Johnson
Zachary John Jones MD
Robert Kalb MD
Katherine Kaproth-Joslin MD, PhD
Philip J. Katzman MD
A. Paul Kelly MD
Henry Kempe MD
Loren Ketai MD
Sidney Klaus MD
Ashwin Kosambia MD
Jessica A. Kozel MD
Carl Krucke
Mario E. Lacouture MD
Joseph Lam MD
Alfred T. Lane MD
Edith Lederman MD
Nahyoung Grace Lee MD
Pedro Legua MD, PhD
Robert Levin MD
Bethany Lewis MD
Sue Lewis-Jones FRCP, FRCPCH
Taisheng Li MD
Christine Liang MD
Shari Lipner MD, PhD
Adam Lipworth MD
Jenna Lullo MD
Jason Maguire MD
Mark Malek MD, MPH
Jere Mammino DO
Ricardo Mandojana MD
Lynne Margesson MD
Thomas J. Marrie MD
Maydel Martinez MD
Ralph Massey MD
Patrick McCleskey MD
Lynn McKinley-Grant MD
Karen McKoy MD
Thomas McMeekin MD
Josette McMichael MD
Somchai Meesiri MD
Joseph F. Merola MD
Mary Gail Mercurio MD
Anis Miladi MD
Larry E. Millikan MD
Dan Milner Jr. MD
Zaw Min MD
Nequesha Mohamed MD
Stephanie Montero
Alastair Moore MD
Keith Morley MD
Dean Morrell MD
Samuel Moschella MD
Nicholas Erick Nacca MD
Rehan Naseemuddin MD
Taimor Nawaz MD
Vic Newcomer MD
John Nguyen MD
Matilda Nicholas MD
Thomas P. Nigra MD
Dylan Norton MD
Steven Oberlender MD, PhD
Maria Teresa Ochoa MD
Daniel C. Oppenheimer MD
Art Papier MD
Lawrence Parish MD
Tanner Parrent MD
Mukesh Patel MD
Lauren Patty-Daskivich MD
David Peng MD, MPH
Robert Penne MD
Nitipong Permpalung MD
Frank Johannes Plate MD, PhD
Miriam Pomeranz MD
Doug Powell MD
Harold S. Rabinovitz MD
Christopher J. Rapuano MD
Sireesha Reddy MD
Angela Restrepo MD, PhD
Bertrand Richert MD, PhD
J. Martin Rodriguez, MD, FACP
Theodore Rosen MD
Misha Rosenbach MD
Scott Schiffman MD
Robert H. Schosser MD
Glynis A. Scott MD
Carlos Seas MD, MSc
Deniz Seçkin MD
Daniel Sexton MD
Paul K. Shitabata MD
Tor Shwayder MD, FAAP, FAAD
Daniel Siegel, MD
Elaine Siegfried MD
Gene Sienkiewicz MD
Christye Sisson
Jonathan Soh MD
Philip I. Song MD
Mary J. Spencer MD, FAAP
Lawrence B. Stack MD
Sarah Stein MD
William Van Stoecker MD
Frances J. Storrs MD
Erik J. Stratman MD
Lindsay C. Strowd MD
Erika Summers MD
Belinda Tan MD, PhD
Robert Tomsick MD
Hensin Tsao MD, PhD
Richard P. Usatine MD
Jenny Valverde MD
Vishalakshi Viswanath MD
Susan Voci MD
Lisa Wallin ANP, FCCWS
Douglas Walsh MD
Ryan R. Walsh MD
George Watt MD
Erin X. Wei MD
Clayton E. Wheeler MD
Sally-Ann Whelan MS, NP, CWOCN
Jan Willems MD, PhD
Victoria L. Williams MD
James Henry Willig MD, MPH
Kelly Wilmas MD
Karen Wiss MD
Vivian Wong MD, PhD
Sook-Bin Woo MS, DMD, MMSc
Jamie Woodcock MD
Stephen J. Xenias MD
Nathaniel Yohannes
Lisa Zaba MD
Vijay Zawar MD
Bonnnie Zhang MD
Carolyn Ziemer MD
Jeffrey P. Zwerner MD, PhD
Organizations
American Academy of Dermatology
Am. Journal of Trop. Med & Hygiene
Armed Forces Pest Management Board
Blackwell Publishing
Broward Health Medical Center
Bugwood Network
Centers For Disease Control and Prevention
Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Mèdicas (CIDEIM)
Dermatology Online Journal
East Carolina University (ECU), Division of Dermatology
International Atomic Energy Agency
Massachusetts Medical Society
NYU Department of Dermatology
Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU)
Oxford University Press
Radiological Society of North America
Washington Hospital Center
Wikipedia
World Health Organization
South American hemorrhagic fever refers to systemic infection with one of several viruses from the family Arenaviridae. This family is divided into two groups based on the location of the rodent reservoir:
Old World (Eastern hemisphere)
New World (Western hemisphere)
The diseases all share a common feature of being transmitted to humans by contact with native rodent urine or excreta.
The New World Arenaviridae cause South American hemorrhagic fevers and share some common clinical features, but are found in very specific geographical locales. The individual fevers are sometimes referred to as Argentinian hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, and Brazilian hemorrhagic fever. The group known as the Tacaribe complex includes four common viruses:
Junin virus: Junin virus is from the pampas of Argentina. It is acquired from exposure to the corn mouse (Calomys masculinus), the grass field mouse (Akodon azarae), or the dark field mouse (Bolomys obscurus).
Machupo virus: Machupo virus is from the savannas of the Beni province of Bolivia. It is acquired from exposure to Calomys callosus, the vesper mouse.
Guanarito virus: Guanarito virus is from Venezuela. It is acquired from exposure to Sigmodon alstoni, the cane mouse.
Sabia virus: Sabia virus is from the southeast province of Brazil. It has not yet been associated with a rodent reservoir.
Less common New World Arenaviridae include the Tamiami virus reported in the United States in Florida. It is associated with the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus. The Whitewater Arroyo virus has been reported in the United States in California and New Mexico. It is associated with the white-throated wood rat, Neotoma albigula.
South American hemorrhagic fever infections have widely varied clinical presentations, but share some common presenting features. Most infections are asymptomatic.
Mildly symptomatic cases are difficult to distinguish from common respiratory or gastrointestinal infections. The incubation period is between 7-14 days. Initial symptoms include headache, body aches, cough, nausea, sore throat, and fever. The fever is usually high and may be intermittent or constant. Five days after the onset of fever, hemorrhagic phenomenon may be observed and are associated with dehydration, shock, and cardiovascular collapse. Edema of the face and neck is common. Encephalopathy and seizures are common. The mortality rate is 15% in hospitalized patients and fetal loss is common in infected pregnant patients. Hair loss and loss of coordination is seen during convalescence. Deafness is seen in 25% of survivors.
Codes
ICD10CM: A96.8 – Other arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers
SNOMEDCT: 30982007 – South American hemorrhagic fever