Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a malignant neoplasm of lymphatic endothelial cell origin that occurs in several forms: AIDS-associated and non-AIDS-associated. Subtypes of non-AIDS-associated KS include classic KS, African endemic KS, and iatrogenic KS. All types of KS are due to or influenced by human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8), and cutaneous findings are clinically and histologically indistinguishable among the types.

The outbreak of KS among young, previously healthy men who have sex with men (MSM) heralded the recognition of AIDS in 1981. AIDS-associated KS is the most common neoplasm in HIV-seropositive patients and is an AIDS-defining illness. This form of KS is primarily seen in the MSM population, but it can be seen in female partners of men with the disease in addition to HIV-infected women. About 40% of men with AIDS develop KS. Lesions may worsen during immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and may also appear in patients with HIV who have received long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Ophthalmic involvement, most often of the conjunctiva and eyelid, occurs in around one-fifth of patients with AIDS-related KS. These lesions may be rapidly growing.

Generally, lesions around the eye are slow growing, but KS can cause pain, photophobia, tearing, trichiasis, lagophthalmos, and visual loss.

The introduction of ART dramatically decreased the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of AIDS-associated KS.