Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip and palate syndrome in Child
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Synopsis
- Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip / palate (AEC) syndrome
- Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip / palate (EEC) syndrome
- Acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth (ADULT) syndrome
- Limb-mammary syndrome
- Split-hand / foot malformation type 4 (SHFM4)
- Isolated cleft lip / cleft palate (orofacial cleft 8 [OFC8] syndrome)
All ectodermal dysplasias result from the abnormal development of structures derived from the outer embryonal layer such as the skin, hair, teeth, nails, and eccrine and sebaceous glands. While these 6 syndromes are classified as distinct entities, their overlapping phenotypes suggest that they may be part of a spectrum of related syndromes.
p63 is a transcription factor with homology to the tumor suppressor p53. Studies in mice have demonstrated that, unlike p53, p63 expression is localized to whiskers, oral mucosa, and distal limbs. Furthermore, mice lacking p63 are born with translucent skin and without appendages (whisker pads, teeth). It has been postulated that p63 plays an important role in epidermal stratification and the maintenance of epidermal stem cells.
While all 6 syndromes show abnormalities in p63, each syndrome tends to demonstrate mutations in specific domains. EEC, OFC8, SHFM4, and ADULT syndrome are associated with missense mutations in the DNA binding domain. In contrast, mutations in the sterile alpha motif / transcription inhibitory domain (SAM/TID), which is downstream of the DNA binding domain, result in AEC syndrome phenotypes. Missense mutations in between the transactivation domain and DNA binding domain or truncation of the SAM/TID are typical of limb-mammary syndrome.
Codes
ICD10CM:Q82.4 – Ectodermal dysplasia (anhidrotic)
SNOMEDCT:
55821006 – Hay-Wells Syndrome of Ectodermal Dysplasia
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Differential Diagnosis & Pitfalls
- EEC syndrome – No erosions.
- Limb-mammary syndrome – No skin or hair abnormalities, breast and nipple hypoplasia.
- SHFM4 – Ectrodactyly exclusively.
- OFC8 syndrome – Isolated cleft lip / palate.
- ADULT syndrome – Ectrodactyly, excessive freckling, breast and nipple hypoplasia, but without palatal clefting.
- Anhidrotic / hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia – Patients present with hypohidrosis or anhidrosis, hypodontia or anodontia, and hypotrichosis. Nails are usually normal. Patients often have significant atopic dermatitis.
- Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia – Patients are often of French-Canadian ancestry and have a mutation in connexin 30 (GJB6). They present with thin brittle hair, symmetric hyperkeratosis of palms / soles, and micronychia, often with milky-white nail plates. Normal sweating and dentition. No clefting.
- Odontotrichomelic syndrome – Severe limb deformities.
- Adams-Oliver syndrome – No clefting but with limb abnormalities.
- Curly hair-ankyloblepharon-nail dysplasia syndrome (CHANDS)
- Congenital ichthyosis
- Witkop tooth and nail syndrome – Koilonychias; secondary teeth fail to erupt. No other dermatologic features.
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Last Reviewed:03/08/2018
Last Updated:01/11/2022
Last Updated:01/11/2022
Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip and palate syndrome in Child