Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is an extremely toxic substance commonly used in many industries such as textiles, pesticides, and semiconductors. When combined with water, it is known as hydrofluoric acid. Human exposure to HF can result in severe cutaneous manifestations as well as devastating systemic effects. Systemic toxicity can occur by inhalation of gas, fumes, or aerosol, or by absorption through eyes, mucous membranes, and skin.

Those at high risk for systemic effects include those with burns over 1% of their body surface with a HF solution greater than 50% concentration or those with burns to 5% of body surface at any concentration. Deaths have been reported with 2.5% of body surface exposure.

Treatment involves irrigation, decontamination, oxygen therapy, topical calcium gluconate, and/or intravenous (IV) calcium gluconate.

Related topic: Hydrogen fluoride burns