Leukonychia - Nail and Distal Digit
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Synopsis
- True leukonychia is characterized by abnormal nail matrix keratinization causing nail plate parakeratosis.
- Apparent leukonychia is characterized by a white appearance of the nail due to abnormal vasculature of the nail bed.
- Pseudoleukonychia is white nail caused by exogenous factors.
When acquired, true leukonychia usually appears as one or more transverse white bands running parallel to the distal margin of the lunulae (also called Mees' lines). These lines are often located at the same level on each nail and will move distally and then disappear as the nail grows out. The pathogenesis is thought to be a disruption of nail plate keratinization secondary to systemic stress. This pattern was originally described with arsenic poisoning but has subsequently been associated with chemotherapy, systemic infections (measles, tuberculosis), renal failure, heart failure, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Total leukonychia has been reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. True leukonychia is also seen in patients with Darier disease and Hailey-Hailey disease.
Punctate leukonychia is a pattern of true leukonychia that is usually seen in children and is secondary to trauma. Small white marks grow out with the nail. It can be seen in adults with trauma from manicuring. Apparent leukonychia (Terry nails, half-and-half nails, Muehrcke lines) is often seen with chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, and adult-onset diabetes. Nail bed pallor may be due to anemia, edema, or vascular impairment.
For more information, see OMIM.
Codes
ICD10CM:L60.8 – Other nail disorders
SNOMEDCT:
111202002 – Leukonychia
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Diagnostic Pearls
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Differential Diagnosis & Pitfalls
The differential diagnosis of white nails includes:- Inherited true leukonychia
- Trauma (single or repeated)
- Metabolic and endocrine disturbances
- Malignancy
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Renal disease
- Psoriasis
- Infectious diseases
- Poisons / drugs (arsenic, chemotherapy)
- Terry nail
- Lindsay half-and-half nail
- Muehrcke lines
- Onychomycosis
- Keratin granulations (nail polish)
- Exogenous pigment
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Management Pearls
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Therapy
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Drug Reaction Data
Below is a list of drugs with literature evidence indicating an adverse association with this diagnosis. The list is continually updated through ongoing research and new medication approvals. Click on Citations to sort by number of citations or click on Medication to sort the medications alphabetically.Subscription Required
References
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Last Reviewed: 06/08/2018
Last Updated: 07/06/2018
Last Updated: 07/06/2018
Leukonychia - Nail and Distal Digit
See also in: Overview
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