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• Sclerema neonatorum – Occurs in severely ill premature neonates in the first week of life. Characterized by diffuse, cold, board-like hardening of the skin with respiratory difficulties, congestive heart failure, diarrhea, and sepsis. Precipitating factors include hypothermia, perinatal asphyxia, dehydration, and defective complement activity. Can be fatal.
• Infantile systemic hyalinosis – Autosomal recessive disorder with mutations in the capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (CMG2). Clinical features include diffusely thickened skin with firm papules and nodules on the ears and perinasal and perianal areas. Other features include joint contractures, diarrhea, recurrent infections, and visceral involvement, with hyaline deposits in multiple organs, resulting in early death during infancy.
• Stiff skin syndrome – Occurs in infancy or early childhood with rock-hard skin bound to underlying tissues, most prominently in areas with fascia such as the buttocks and thighs. Overlying skin may have hypertrichosis and mild hyperpigmentation. Other features include joint contractures and scoliosis. The disease is slowly progressive and nonfatal.
• Winchester syndrome – Autosomal recessive disorder with mutations in matrix metalloproteinase-2. Clinical features include short stature, progressive articular contractures, corneal opacities, thickened skin with hyperpigmentation, and coarsened facial features. The disease is progressive and ultimately leads to disability.
• Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) – Neonates are healthy appearing at birth; however, around 18-24 months, growth curves fall below average and characteristic facial features develop, including large head in relation to the body; small, pinched nose; narrow face; alopecia; and scleroderma-like tightening of the skin. A point mutation in the lamin A gene is responsible for this condition. Accumulation of altered lamin A and disruption of nuclear membrane integrity are thought to be responsible for the premature aging process. Atherosclerosis leads to premature death, usually in the teenage years.
• Familial partial lipodystrophy of Dunnigan variety (FPLD) – Autosomal dominant disorder due to mutation in the lamin A gene. Characterized by gradual loss of adipose tissue from extremities and trunk and excess fat accumulation on the face and neck at puberty. Others features include short stature, scleroderma-like skin, and early graying of hair.
• Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) – Rare X-linked form of muscular dystrophy due to mutation in the emerin (EMD) gene. The dominant and autosomal forms are due to mutations in the lamin A gene. Characterized by difficulty walking due to muscle wasting and weakness, scoliosis of the spine, and contractures of the Achilles tendon.
• Mandibuloacral dysplasia, type B – Clinical features include a progeroid appearance, lipodystrophy, mandibular and clavicular hypoplasia, joint contractures, and skin atrophy with mottled pigmentation. There are few case reports of patients with compound heterozygous mutations in the zinc metalloproteinase gene responsible for this condition.

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