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Christine Ahn MD
Carl Allen DDS, MSD
Brandon Ayres MD
Howard P. Baden MD
Robert Baran MD
Keira Barr MD
Gregory J. Basura MD, Ph.D
Donald Belsito MD
Jeffrey D. Bernhard MD
Jesse Berry MD
Victor Blanco MD
Benjamin R. Bohaty MD
William Bonnez MD
Sarah Brenner MD
Robert A. Briggaman MD
Robert Brodell MD
Roman Bronfenbrener MD
Walter Brooks MD
William Buckley MD
Philip Bulterys MD, PhD (candidate)
Susan Burgin MD
Sonya Burton MD
Sean P. Bush MD, FACEP
Jeffrey Callen MD
Scott Camazine MD
Michael Cardwell
Shelley D. Cathcart MD
Robert Chalmers MD, MRCP, FRCP
Chia-Yu Chu MD, PhD
Flavio Ciferri MD
Maria Rosa Cordisco MD
Noah Craft MD, PhD
John T. Crissey MD
Harold E. Cross MD, PhD
Charles Crutchfield III MD
Adriana Cruz MD
Donna Culton MD, PhD
Bart J. Currie MBBS, FRACP, DTM&H
Chicky Dadlani MD
Alexander Dane DO
C. Ralph Daniel III MD
Thomas Darling MD, PhD
William Delaney MD
Damian P. DiCostanzo MD
Ncoza Dlova MD
James Earls MD
Libby Edwards MD
Melissa K. Egge MD
Charles N. Ellis MD
Rachel Ellis MD
David Elpern MD
Nancy Esterly MD
Stephen Estes MD
E. Dale Everett MD
Janet Fairley MD
David Feingold MD
Benjamin Fisher MD
Henry Foong MBBS, FRCP
David Foster MD, MPH
Brian D. Foy PhD
Michael Franzblau MD
Vincent Fulginiti MD
Sunir J. Garg MD, FACS
Kevin J. Geary MD
Lowell Goldsmith MD, MPH
Sethuraman Gomathy MD
Bernardo Gontijo MD, PhD
Kenneth Greer MD
Kenneth G. Gross MD
Alan Gruber MD
Nathan D. Gundacker MD
Akshya Gupta MD
Vidal Haddad MSC, PhD, MD
Edward Halperin MD, MA
Ronald Hansen MD
John Harvey
Rizwan Hassan MD
Michael Hawke MD
Jason E. Hawkes MD
Peter W. Heald MD
David G. Hicks MD
Sarah Hocker DO
Ryan J. Hoefen MD, PhD
Li-Yang Hsu MD
William Huang MD
Sanjana Iyengar MD
Alvin H. Jacobs MD
Saagar Jadeja MD
Shahbaz A. Janjua MD
Joshua J. Jarvis MD
Kit Johnson
Robert Kalb MD
A. Paul Kelly MD
Henry Kempe MD
Loren Ketai MD
Sidney Klaus MD
Ashwin Kosambia MD
Jessica A. Kozel MD
Carl Krucke
Mario E. Lacouture MD
Joseph Lam MD
Alfred T. Lane MD
Edith Lederman MD
Nahyoung Grace Lee MD
Pedro Legua MD, PhD
Robert Levin MD
Bethany Lewis MD
Sue Lewis-Jones FRCP, FRCPCH
Taisheng Li MD
Christine Liang MD
Shari Lipner MD, PhD
Adam Lipworth MD
Jason Maguire MD
Mark Malek MD, MPH
Jere Mammino DO
Ricardo Mandojana MD
Lynne Margesson MD
Thomas J. Marrie MD
Maydel Martinez MD
Ralph Massey MD
Patrick McCleskey MD
Karen McKoy MD
Thomas McMeekin MD
Josette McMichael MD
Somchai Meesiri MD
Joseph F. Merola MD
Mary Gail Mercurio MD
Anis Miladi MD
Larry E. Millikan MD
Dan Milner Jr. MD
Zaw Min MD
Stephanie Montero
Alastair Moore MD
Keith Morley MD
Dean Morrell MD
Samuel Moschella MD
Taimor Nawaz MD
Vic Newcomer MD
John Nguyen MD
Matilda Nicholas MD
Thomas P. Nigra MD
Steven Oberlender MD, PhD
Maria Teresa Ochoa MD
Art Papier MD
Lawrence Parish MD
Tanner Parrent MD
Mukesh Patel MD
Lauren Patty-Daskivich MD
David Peng MD, MPH
Robert Penne MD
Nitipong Permpalung MD
Miriam Pomeranz MD
Doug Powell MD
Harold S. Rabinovitz MD
Christopher J. Rapuano MD
Sireesha Reddy MD
Angela Restrepo MD, PhD
Bertrand Richert MD, PhD
J. Martin Rodriguez, MD, FACP
Theodore Rosen MD
Misha Rosenbach MD
Scott Schiffman MD
Robert H. Schosser MD
Glynis A. Scott MD
Carlos Seas MD, MSc
Deniz Seçkin MD
Daniel Sexton MD
Paul K. Shitabata MD
Tor Shwayder MD, FAAP, FAAD
Elaine Siegfried MD
Gene Sienkiewicz MD
Christye Sisson
Philip I. Song MD
Mary J. Spencer MD, FAAP
Lawrence B. Stack MD
Sarah Stein MD
William Van Stoecker MD
Frances J. Storrs MD
Erik J. Stratman MD
Lindsay C. Strowd MD
Erika Summers MD
Belinda Tan MD, PhD
Robert Tomsick MD
Hensin Tsao MD, PhD
Jenny Valverde MD
Vishalakshi Viswanath MD
Susan Voci MD
Lisa Wallin ANP, FCCWS
Douglas Walsh MD
Ryan R. Walsh MD
George Watt MD
Clayton E. Wheeler MD
Sally-Ann Whelan MS, NP, CWOCN
Jan Willems MD, PhD
James Henry Willig MD, MPH
Karen Wiss MD
Vivian Wong MD, PhD
Sook-Bin Woo MS, DMD, MMSc
Jamie Woodcock MD
Stephen J. Xenias MD
Lisa Zaba MD
Vijay Zawar MD
Bonnnie Zhang MD
Carolyn Ziemer MD
Organizations
Am. Journal of Trop. Med & Hygiene
Armed Forces Pest Management Board
Blackwell Publishing
Bugwood Network
Centers For Disease Control and Prevention
Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Mèdicas (CIDEIM)
Dermatology Online Journal
East Carolina University (ECU), Division of Dermatology
Rosacea is a common, chronic inflammatory condition with a relapsing-remitting course. It presents with facial flushing and localized erythema, telangiectases, papules, and pustules on the nose, cheeks, brow, and chin. It commonly develops in individuals between the ages of 30 and 50.
The etiology of rosacea is poorly understood. Cutaneous vascular changes, inappropriate activation of the immune system, UV and microbial exposure (ie, Demodex mites), and disruption of the epidermal barrier have all been implicated as playing a role in the pathogenesis in this condition. There have been reports of familial rosacea, so an underlying genetic predisposition has not been ruled out.
Rosacea primarily affects individuals with lighter skin phototypes, and females tend to present at a younger age than males. The disease is reported less commonly in skin types IV-VI, perhaps because darker skin types are less prone to photodamage, and flushing and telangiectasias are harder to visualize.
There are 4 main subtypes of the disease: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular rosacea.
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea – Presents with persistent erythema of the central portion of the face with intermittent flushing. Telangiectasias can also occur. Patients often complain of stinging or burning sensations on the skin. This is the most common subtype.
Papulopustular rosacea – Acneiform papules and pustules predominate; there is also erythema and edema of the central face with relative sparing of the periocular areas. Dramatic swelling can result in lymphedematous changes manifesting as solid facial edema or lead to phymatous changes.
Phymatous rosacea – Chronic inflammation and edema result in marked thickening of the skin with sebaceous hyperplasia, resulting in an enlarged, cobblestoned appearance of affected skin, most commonly on the nose (rhinophyma). Men are more often affected.
Ocular rosacea – Presents with conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and hyperemia. Patients complain of dry, irritated, itchy eyes. Keratitis, scleritis, and iritis are potential but infrequent complications. Ocular rosacea can occur in patients with or without cutaneous findings.
A granulomatous variant has also been defined and is characterized by papules, nodules, and yellow-brown pustules distributed on the central face, eyelids, forehead, cheeks, nasolabial folds, and periocular and perioral regions. It is often described as noninflammatory and may be unilateral. Flushing is less common.
Rosacea fulminans (pyoderma faciale) refers to the sudden onset of inflammatory facial papules and pustules with possible abscess and sinus tract formation. Systemic signs and symptoms are present.
A rare consequence of chronic rosacea and certain other facial disorders is solid facial edema, sometimes called Morbihan disease.
Since rosacea manifests on the face, it is important to recognize that this disease can have psychosocial consequences, which may affect quality of life.
Below is a list of drugs with literature evidence indicating an adverse association with this diagnosis. The list is continually updated through ongoing research and new medication approvals. Click on Citations to sort by number of citations or click on Medication to sort the medications alphabetically.
