South American bartonellosis, also known as Oroya fever, Carrion disease, verruga peruana, Peruvian wart, Andicola wart, and Guaytara fever, refers to a continuum of disease caused by infection with Bartonella bacilliformis, a pleomorphic, gram-negative bacillus. The disease occurs between 3 and 14 weeks after being bitten by an infected sandfly, found in the coastal regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia between elevations of 500 and 3200 meters.

The primary infection, transmitted by the sandfly bite, results in febrile hemolytic anemia and is referred to as Oroyo fever. The subsequent disease results in eruption of chronic cutaneous angiomatosis and is referred to as verruga peruana. The initial phase may last from 1-6 weeks, and the second verrucous phase begins 2-20 weeks after recovery from the fever.

There is no race, age, or sex predilection. Since the initial description of bartonellosis, 13 other species have been added to the family Bartonellaceae that cause other diseases including cat-scratch disease and trench fever. Bartonellosis usually refers to infection with B bacilliformis, but other species are being identified.