Diabetes mellitus type 2
Alerts and Notices
Synopsis
Patients may initially present with symptoms of hyperglycemia such as blurred vision, vulvovaginitis, pruritus, and peripheral neuropathy, as well as recurrent yeast infections. If insulin deficiency is more severe, fatigue / weakness, polyuria, polydipsia, and sometimes weight loss may present as symptoms. Diabetic ketoacidosis is rare. Some patients are relatively asymptomatic until chronic complications of diabetes develop. Prior to the initial diagnosis, all patients develop impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose.
T2DM is commonly associated with obesity, including childhood obesity, increased waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, adult blindness, and nontraumatic lower extremity amputations, among other problems. Onset in youth is associated with a progressive increase in risk of complications over time, including microvascular complications. T2DM of more than 10 years' duration may increase the risk of dementia.
T2DM has a strong genetic component and tends to disproportionately affect older populations, individuals with a high body mass index (BMI), and individuals of African, Hispanic, American Indian, and Asian descent.
A large review of US Department of Veterans Affairs patient records suggests that individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 were at greater risk of developing T2DM within a year, even those with mild or asymptomatic infection, although risk increased with severity of illness.
Related topics: bullosis diabeticorum, diabetes mellitus type 1, diabetic dermopathy, diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), neurogenic ulcer
Codes
ICD10CM:E11.9 – Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications
SNOMEDCT:
44054006 – Diabetes mellitus type 2
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Diagnostic Pearls
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Differential Diagnosis & Pitfalls
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus
- MODY
- Anemia
- Hormonal tumors and secondary hyperglycemia (pheochromocytoma, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, glucagonoma)
- Secondary hyperglycemia due to glucocorticoid use
- Addison disease
- Graves disease
- Hashimoto thyroiditis
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Thiazide diuretics, phenytoin leading to reduced insulin secretion
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Alcohol use disorder
- Cirrhosis
- Hemochromatosis
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Therapy
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Drug Reaction Data
Below is a list of drugs with literature evidence indicating an adverse association with this diagnosis. The list is continually updated through ongoing research and new medication approvals. Click on Citations to sort by number of citations or click on Medication to sort the medications alphabetically.Subscription Required
References
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Last Reviewed:06/12/2022
Last Updated:05/10/2022
Last Updated:05/10/2022